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Distillation is a process that is used to collect pure water by heating a mixture of liquids and then cooling the vapor to collect the pure water. In this blog, we are going to learn about the types of distillation, distillation fractional and the laws that work in the process of distillation.Â
Distillation works on 2 laws of science, first is Raoult’s Law and another one Dalton’s Law. Let’s see how both of these laws contribute in distillation.Â
Raoult’s law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of each component in the mixture. It means that the more of a component present in the liquid phase, the more it contributes to vapor pressure of the solution.
Dalton’s Law states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the pressures each gas would have on its own. In distillation, this law helps figure out the makeup of the vapor by looking at the pressure each part of the mixture contributes.
Vapor Composition Calculation: Dalton’s Law helps determine the amount of each component in the vapor phase during distillation.
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The process of distillation is made up of five basic steps which start from the heating of liquid to the collection of the sample. This method is commonly used to purify water, produce alcohol, and separate other liquid mixtures.
The liquid mixture is placed in a distillation flask and heated gradually. With the temperature rise, the different component of the mixture starts to boil and gradually begin to evaporate according to their boiling point. The component of the mixture with the lowest boiling point evaporates first. This component vaporizes because it requires less heat energy to change from a liquid to a gas compared to other components in the mixture.
As the mixture heats, the evaporated component rises through a distillation column or directly into a condenser. The distillation column can contain packing material or trays that allow better separation by providing a large surface area for vapor-liquid contact, enhancing the separation of different components.
The vapor then enters a condenser, a device that cools the vapor down. In the condenser, the vapor loses heat and changes into liquid form. This is achieved by passing the vapor through tubes cooled by water or air, depending on the condenser type.
The condensed liquid, known as the distillate, is collected in a separate container. This collected liquid is now enriched in the component that evaporated first, making it purer than the original mixture. The process can be stopped here if the desired separation is achieved.
If the separation is not complete, or if further purification is required, the collected distillate can be subjected to additional rounds of distillation. Each round increases the purity of the separated component, as the process further removes impurities or other components with higher boiling points.
Distillation is such a very crucial process that is being used in various industries. However, each industry uses different methods of distillation according to their needs. Let’s learn the types of distillation and where they are being used.Â
Simple distillation is a process used to separate a liquid mixture into its components the components in the mixture have different boiling points. The apparatus that we require in simple distillation are:
In this process, the mixture is heated until the component in the mixture with lower boiling point evaporates. The vapor is then cooled with cold water and purified liquid get collected also known as distillate.
Fractional distillation is used to separate liquid mixtures into different components according to their boiling points. Fractional distillation is a more advanced technique used to separate liquid mixtures, especially when those components have similar boiling points. In Fractional Distillation, the mixture is heated to create vapor, which then passes through fractional column. The fractional column helps to provide multiple level of condensation and evaporation, allowing for a more precise separation of the components based on their boiling points. Each level in the column acts as a mini distillation, gradually increasing the vapor in the component with the lower boiling point as it rises.
A fractional column is a part of fractional distillation. It is used to separate liquids with close boiling points. It provides multiple condensation and evaporation stages, increasing the efficiency of separation by allowing more precise separation of components.
Steam Distillation is process of distillation which is used to extract essential oils and other temperature-sensitive compounds. In steam distillation, steam is introduced into the mixture, lowering the boiling points of the substances in the mixture. It allows them to vaporize without being exposed to high temperatures that could cause degradation. The vapor is then condensed and collected as a mixture of water and the desired oil.
Vacuum distillation is another way with which we can separate the components that have high melting points or components that can decompose with excessive heating. In vacuum distillation, the pressure is lowered in the distillation apparatus significantly which ultimately lowers the boiling point of the liquids in the mixture. This allows the distillation to occur at much lower temperatures, preserving the integrity of heat-sensitive materials and preventing decomposition. Vacuum distillation is currently used in various industrial processes such as petroleum refining and water purification at a large scale.
Operating under very low pressure, molecular distillation is a highly specialized technique used to purify complex and high-value mixtures, such as pharmaceuticals, essential oils, and fine chemicals. This method involves short-path distillation where the distance between the evaporating surface and the condensing surface is minimized, reducing the possibility of thermal decomposition and allowing the separation of components at the molecular level based on differences in volatility.
| Process | Natural movement of water through a membrane |
| Energy | No external energy required |
| Purpose | Balances concentrations across membranes |
| Uses | Biological processes, water purification |
| Efficiency | Effective for small-scale desalination |
| Process | Heating and condensing liquids |
| Energy | Requires heat energy |
| Purpose | Separates liquids based on boiling points |
| Uses | Industrial processes, desalination, alcohol production |
| Efficiency | Better for large-scale separation of mixtures |
Distillation is a handy process used for lots of things. It cleans water by getting rid of impurities, helps make alcoholic drinks by separating the alcohol from fermented mixtures, and turns crude oil into fuels like gasoline and diesel. In the world of medicine, it’s used to extract essential oils and make various drugs. It also plays a big role in chemical manufacturing by separating different chemicals as well as providing Fresh Water on ship via fresh water generator. Â
Distillation is a process of separating components based on differences in boiling points, typically involving heating and condensation.
Distilled water is used for laboratory experiments, medical procedures, automotive cooling systems, and in appliances like irons and humidifiers.
Distilled water does not conduct electricity because it lacks ions, which are necessary to carry an electric current.
